Sigmund FreudPsychosexual StagesFreud's 5 Stages of Psychosexual DevelopmentBy Saul McLeod, updated 2019Freud proposed that personality development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.During each stage sexual energy (libido) is expressed in different ways and through different parts of the body.These are called psychosexual stages because each stage represents the fixation of libido (roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a different area of the body. As a person grows physically certain areas of their body become important as sources of potential frustration (erogenous zones), pleasure or both.Freud's 5 Psychosexual StagesOral Stage (Birth to 1 year)Anal Stage (1 to 3 years) Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)Latency Stage (6 to puberty)Genital Stage (puberty to adult)Freud (1905) believed that life was built round tension and pleasure. Freud also believed that all tension was due to the build-up of libido (sexual energy) and that all pleasure came from its discharge.
psycho sexual stages of development
if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined')ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-box-3','ezslot_7',639,'0','0']);__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-3-0');In describing human personality development as psychosexual Freud meant to convey that what develops is the way in which sexual energy of the id accumulates and is discharged as we mature biologically. (NB Freud used the term 'sexual' in a very general way to mean all pleasurable actions and thoughts).
Freud stressed that the first five years of life are crucial to the formation of adult personality. The id must be controlled in order to satisfy social demands; this sets up a conflict between frustrated wishes and social norms.The ego and superego develop in order to exercise this control and direct the need for gratification into socially acceptable channels. Gratification centers in different areas of the body at different stages of growth, making the conflict at each stage psychosexual.The Role of Conflictif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined')ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'simplypsychology_org-box-4','ezslot_15',183,'0','0']);__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-4-0');Each of the psychosexual stages is associated with a particular conflict that must be resolved before the individual can successfully advance to the next stage.The resolution of each of these conflicts requires the expenditure of sexual energy and the more energy that is expended at a particular stage, the more the important characteristics of that stage remain with the individual as he/she matures psychologically.
But the greater the difficulty encountered at any particular point, the greater the need for troops to remain behind to fight and thus the fewer that will be able to go on to the next confrontation.Psychosexual Stages of Developmentif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined')ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_20',615,'0','0']);__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0');You can remember the order of these stages by using the mnemonic: old (oral) age (anal) pensioners (phallic) love (latent) grapes (genital).Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year)In the first stage of psychosexual development, the libido is centered in a baby's mouth. During the oral stages, the baby gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands. Which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated, such as sucking, biting, and breastfeeding.
Freud said oral stimulation could lead to an oral fixation in later life. We see oral personalities all around us such as smokers, nail-biters, finger-chewers, and thumb suckers. Oral personalities engage in such oral behaviors, particularly when under stress.Anal Stage (1 to 3 years)During the anal stage of psychosexual developmentthe libido becomes focused on the anus, and the child derives great pleasure from defecating. The child is now fully aware that they are a person in their own right and that their wishes can bring them into conflict with the demands of the outside world (i.e., their ego has developed).
Freud believed that this type of conflict tends to come to a head in potty training, in which adults impose restrictions on when and where the child can defecate. The nature of this first conflict with authority can determine the child's future relationship with all forms of authority.Early or harsh potty training can lead to the child becoming an anal-retentive personality who hates mess, is obsessively tidy, punctual and respectful of authority. They can be stubborn and tight-fisted with their cash and possessions.This is all related to pleasure got from holding on to their faeces when toddlers, and their mum's then insisting that they get rid of it by placing them on the potty until they perform!Not as daft as it sounds. The anal expulsive, on the other hand, underwent a liberal toilet-training regime during the anal stage.In adulthood, the anal expulsive is the person who wants to share things with you. They like giving things away. In essence, they are 'sharing their s**t'!' An anal-expulsive personality is also messy, disorganized and rebellious.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined')ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'simplypsychology_org-leader-1','ezslot_9',862,'0','0']);__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-leader-1-0');Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)The phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone.
For girls, the Oedipus or Electra complex is less than satisfactory. Briefly, the girl desires the father, but realizes that she does not have a penis. This leads to the development of penis envy and the wish to be a boy.The girl resolves this by repressing her desire for her father and substituting the wish for a penis with the wish for a baby. The girl blames her mother for her 'castrated state,' and this creates great tension.The girl then represses her feelings (to remove the tension) and identifies with the mother to take on the female gender role.Latency Stage (6 years to puberty)The latency stage is the forth stage of psychosexual development, spanning the period of six years to puberty. During this stage the libido is dormantandno further psychosexual development takes place (latent means hidden). Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage, and sexual energy can be sublimated towards school work, hobbies, and friendships. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined')ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_21',656,'0','0']);__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0');Much of the child's energy is channeled into developing new skills and acquiring new knowledge, and play becomes largely confined to other children of the same gender.Genital Stage (puberty to adult)The genital stage is the last stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of personality development, and begins in puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another person in our 20's.Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self-pleasure like during the phallic stage. For Freud, the proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults was through heterosexual intercourse. Fixation and conflict may prevent this with the consequence that sexual perversions may develop. For example, fixation at the oral stage may result in a person gaining sexual pleasure primarily from kissing and oral sex, rather than sexual intercourse.Frustration, Overindulgence, and FixationSome people do not seem to be able to leave one stage and proceed on to the next. One reason for this may be that the needs of the developing individual at any particular stage may not have been adequately met in which case there is frustration. Or possibly the person's needs may have been so well satisfied that he/she is reluctant to leave the psychological benefits of a particular stage in which there is overindulgence.Both frustration and overindulgence (or any combination of the two) may lead to what psychoanalysts call fixation at a particular psychosexual stage.Fixation refers to the theoretical notion that a portion of the individual's libido has been permanently 'invested' in a particular stage of his development.Critical EvaluationIs Freudian psychology supported by evidence? Freud's theory is good at explaining but not at predicting behavior (which is one of the goals of science).For this reason, Freud's theory is unfalsifiable - it can neither be proved true or refuted. For example, the libido is difficult to test and measure objectively. Overall, Freud's theory is highly unscientific.
How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2019, July 18). Psychosexual stages. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.htmlif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined')ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_23',816,'0','0']);__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-2-0');APA Style ReferencesFisher, S. & Greenberg, R. P. (1996). Freud scientifically reappraised: Testing the theories and therapy.New York: Wiley.Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. Standard Edition 7: 123-246.Further InformationPsychosexual Development Detailed Summary Oedipus ComplexId, Ego, SuperegoDefense Mechanisms PsychoanalysisUnconscious Mind Download this article as a PDFHow to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2019, July 18). Psychosexual stages. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.htmlvar domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org"function Gsitesearch(curobj)curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value
2ff7e9595c
Комментарии