Rock Against Racism (RAR) was a political and cultural movement which emerged in 1976 in reaction to a rise in racist attacks on the streets of the United Kingdom and increasing support for the far-right National Front at the ballot box. Between 1976 and 1982 RAR activists organised national carnivals and tours, as well as local gigs and clubs throughout the country. RAR brought together black and white fans in their common love of music, in order to discourage young people from embracing racism. The musicians came from all pop music genres, something reflected in one of RAR's slogans: "Reggae, soul, rock'n'roll, jazz, funk and punk". The movement was founded, in part, as a response to racist statements by well-known rock musicians such as Eric Clapton and David Bowie.[1][2]
bad religion back to the known rar
Originally conceived as a one-off concert with a message against racism, Rock Against Racism was founded in 1976 by Red Saunders, Roger Huddle, Jo Wreford, Pete Bruno and others. According to Huddle, "it remained just an idea until August 1976", when Eric Clapton made a declaration of support for former Conservative minister Enoch Powell (known for his anti-immigration Rivers of Blood speech) at a concert in Birmingham.[3] Clapton told the crowd that England had "become overcrowded" and that they should vote for Powell to stop Britain from becoming "a black colony". He also told the audience that Britain should "get the foreigners out, get the wogs out, get the coons out", and then he repeatedly shouted the National Front slogan "Keep Britain White".[4][5] Saunders, Wreford and Bruno, who were members of the agit-prop theatre group, Kartoon Klowns, together with Huddle, responded by writing a letter to NME expressing their opposition to Clapton's remarks. They claimed these were all the more disgusting because he had a hit with a cover of Bob Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff":
At this time other well-known rock musicians also made inflammatory statements, including David Bowie, who expressed support for fascism and admiration for Adolf Hitler in interviews with Playboy, NME and a Swedish publication. Bowie was quoted as saying: "I think Britain could benefit from a fascist leader. After all, fascism is really nationalism ... I believe very strongly in fascism, people have always responded with greater efficiency under a regimental leadership." He was also quoted as saying: "Adolf Hitler was one of the first rock stars" and "You've got to have an extreme right front come up and sweep everything off its feet and tidy everything up."[6] Bowie caused further controversy by allegedly making a Nazi salute while riding in a convertible, although he has always strongly denied this, insisting that a photographer simply caught him in the middle of waving.[citation needed] He later expressed regret and shame for these statements, blaming them on a combination of an obsession with occultism and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as his excessive drug use at the time. He said: "I have made my two or three glib, theatrical observations on English society and the only thing I can now counter with is to state that I am NOT a fascist."[6] By the 1980s, Bowie's public statements and imagery in his art had shifted towards anti-racism and anti-fascism. In an interview with MTV anchor Mark Goodman in 1983, Bowie aggressively criticised the channel for not providing enough coverage of Black musicians.[7][8] Bowie described his videos for "China Girl" and "Let's Dance" as "simple" statements against racism,[9] and his album Tin Machine as taking a more direct stance against fascism and neo-Nazism.[10]
With support for the movement growing, in 1978 RAR organised two national Carnivals in London in conjunction with the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) to counteract the rising number of racist attacks in the UK. These were held in poor but vibrant multi-racial areas. On 30 April 1978, 100,000 people marched six miles from Trafalgar Square to the East End of London (a National Front hotspot) for an open-air concert at Victoria Park in Hackney.[13][14][15][16] The concert featured The Clash,[15][17][18] Steel Pulse, Tom Robinson Band, X-Ray Spex, Jimmy Pursey (from Sham 69), and Patrik Fitzgerald.[19] The Southall-based reggae band Misty In Roots led the parade from the back of a lorry. For the second Carnival, on 24 September, a similar number of people marched from Hyde Park, crossing the Thames until they arrived at Brockwell Park in Brixton for a concert featuring Aswad, Elvis Costello and Stiff Little Fingers.[1]
In 2002, some music fans,[vague] affiliated with Unite Against Fascism, concerned about a resurgence of nationalist and racist activity in the UK, organised a new group under the name of one of RAR's best-known slogans: "Love Music Hate Racism". They put on a concert at The Astoria in London featuring Mick Jones, Buzzcocks, and The Libertines.[24]
And sure enough, if you sort the results by efficiency, WinRAR rises directly to the top. Its scores of 1871 (Good) and 1983 (Best) rank third and fourth out of 200. The top two spots are held by an archiver I've never heard of, SBC.WinRAR and SBC 0.970 score very well on efficiency. Both SBC and WinRK are capable of compressing the 301 MB testset down to 82 MB [a 73% compression ratio] in under 3 minutes. People looking for good (but not ultimate) and fast compression should have a look at those two programs.The raw data on the comparison page is a little hard to parse, so I pulled the data into Excel and created some alternative views of it. Here's a graph of compression ratio versus time, sorted by compression ratio, for all compared archive programs:What I wanted to illustrate with this graph is that beyond about 73% compression ratio, performance falls off a cliff. This is something I've noted before in previous compression studies. You don't just hit the point of diminishing returns in compression, you slam into it like a brick wall. That's why the time scale is logarithmic in the above graph. Look at the massive differences in time as you move toward the peak compression ratio:72.58%02:54WinRAR 3.6275.24%11:20UHARC 0.6b77.16%30:38DRUILCA 0.578.83%05:51:19PAQ8H79.70%08:30:03WinRK 3.0.3Note that I cherry-picked the most efficient archivers out of this data, so this represents best case performance. Is an additional two percent of compression worth taking five times longer? Is an additional four percent worth ten times longer? Under the right conditions, possibly. But the penalty is severe, and the reward miniscule.If you're interested in crunching the multiple file compression benchmark study data yourself, I converted it to a few different formats for your convenience:Download Excel spreadsheet (36 KB)Google Spreadsheet (view-only)Google Spreadsheet (editable, but need Google login)
Personally, I recommend the Excel version. I had major performance problems with the Google spreadsheet version.After poring over this data, I'm more convinced than ever. RAR offers a nearly perfect blend of compression efficiency and speed across all modern compression formats. And WinRAR is an exemplary GUI implementation of RAR. It's almost a no-brainer. Except in cases where backwards compatibility trumps all other concerns, we should abandon the archaic ZIP format-- and switch to the power and flexibility of WinRAR.
If the taxpayer does not sign a waiver or does not voluntarily pay the proposed deficiency, the Service will generally send the taxpayer a statutory notice of deficiency (also known as the 90 day letter). If the taxpayer wants to contest the proposed deficiency but does not want to pay the tax, he must file a petition with the Tax Court within 90 days (150 days if the notice is addressed to a taxpayer outside the United States) after the Service mails the statutory notice. Section 6213.
Net Operating Loss or Capital Loss Carryback. The taxpayer can file a claim for refund within three years after the due date (with regard to extensions) of the return for the year of the net operating loss or capital loss, or an extended period, whichever expires later. Section 6511(d)(2).
If an individual files a 1979 return on or before April 15, 1980, and claims a net operating loss that is carried back to 1976, the taxpayer will normally have until April 15, 1983 to file the claim for refund, even though the claim relates to 1976.
Credit Carrybacks. In the case of an overpayment attributable to a credit carryback, in lieu of the normal three-year period of limitations, the taxpayer must file a claim within three years after the due date of the return, including any extension of time to file, for the tax year of the unused credit. With respect to any portion of a credit carryback from a tax year attributable to a net operating loss carryback, capital loss carryback, or other credit carryback from a subsequent tax year, the taxpayer must file a claim within three years after the due date of the return for the subsequent year, including extensions. If the taxpayer has signed a waiver for such tax year, the applicable period of limitations is the period prescribed in the waiver or the period within which a claim for credit or refund could have been filed for that year, whichever expires later. Section 6511(d)(4)(A). These extensions only apply to the three year limitation period and do not change the two years from payment rule. The term credit carryback includes any business carryback under section 39. Section 6511(d)(4)(C).
First Amendment freedom of religion, speech, freedom of the press, right of peaceable assembly and the right to petition the Government for redress of grievances. Taxpayers have contended that various taxes, the requirement to file tax returns, and the manner in which the Service has administered the tax law have the effect of abridging their right to the free exercise of their religion or their freedom of speech. 2ff7e9595c
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